| Puxian | ||||
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| 莆仙話/興化話 Pô-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā |
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| Spoken in | China, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan (Wuqiu), United States (California) | |||
| Region | Fujian (Putian, Xianyou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou) | |||
| Ethnicity | Putianese (Han Chinese) | |||
| Native speakers | 2.6 million (1984) (no recent data available) |
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| Language family |
Sino-Tibetan
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| Writing system | Chinese characters | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | cpx | |||
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Pu–Xian or Puxian Min (simplified Chinese: 莆仙话; traditional Chinese: 莆仙話; pinyin: Púxiān huà), also known as Xinghua, is a branch of Min Chinese.
Puxian is a word combination of two place names of Putian City (莆田市) and Xianyou County (仙游县).
It is spoken mostly in Fujian province, particularly in Putian and Xianyou, parts of Fuzhou, and parts of Quanzhou. More than 2000 people in Shacheng, Fuding (福鼎) in northern Fujian also speak Puxian. There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.
Overseas populations of Puxian speakers exist in Malaysia and Singapore. Speakers of Puxian are also known as Henghua (simplified Chinese: 兴化; traditional Chinese: 興化; pinyin: Xīnghuà), Hinghua, or Xinghua.
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Before the year 979 AD, the Puxian region was part of Quanzhou county and people there spoke a form of Min Nan (Southern Min). Due to its origin in the past as part of spoken Minnan, it lies closely to the other modern Minnan dialects, see chart relationship Min_Chinese#Varieties.
In 979 AD, during the Song Dynasty, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the language developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements of Min Dong, but its basic linguistic characteristic is based on Quanzhou Minnan.[1]
Puxian has 15 consonants, including the zero onset, the same as most other Min varieties. Puxian has a lateral fricative [ɬ] instead of the [s] in other Min varieties.
Puxian has 40 finals and 6 phonemic tones.
Puxian differs from most Min Nan varieties in several ways:
1. The vowel 'a' is replaced by /ɒ/ (o̤) in most cases, e.g. 腳 ko̤ "leg".
2. The vowel 'ư' /ɯ/ is replaced by /y/ ('ü'), e.g. 魚 hṳ "fish".
3. In Putian 'ng' has changed to /uŋ/ except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. 湯 tung "soup".
4. The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /ɒ/ o̤, e.g. 馬 bo̤ "horse".
5. Where Quanzhou has 'ĩ' and Zhangzhou has 'ẽ', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'ã', e.g. 病 baⁿ "sick", where ⁿ indicates a nasalized vowel.
6. The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a̤u), e.g. 笑 ciao "laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. da̤uⁿ corresponding to Quanzhou tioⁿ.
7. Nasals m n ng sometimes occur in place of voiced stops b d g, e.g. 夢 mang vs. Quanzhou bang.
8. There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in free variation.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | unaspirated | p 巴 (b) | t 打 (d) | k 家 (g) | ʔ 烏 | |
| aspirated | pʰ 彭 (p) | tʰ 他 (t) | kʰ 卡 (k) | |||
| Nasals | m 麻 (m) | n 拿 (n) | ŋ 雅 (ng) | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | ɬ 沙 (s) | h 下 (h) | |||
| voiced | β* | |||||
| Affricates | unaspirated | ts 渣 (c) | ||||
| aspirated | tsʰ 査 (ch) | |||||
| Approximant | l 拉 (l) | |||||
Puxian Min has 39 rimes.
| Vowel | Diphthong | Nasal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no glide | a 鴉 (a) | au 拗 (au) | aŋ 王 (ang) | aʔ 壓 (ah) |
| ɒ 奥 (o̤) | ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) | ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h) | ||
| o 科 (eo) | ɔu 烏 (o) | oŋ 温 (eong) | oʔ 熨 (eoh) | |
| e 裔 (a̤) | ai 愛 (ai) | ɛŋ 煙 (eng) | ɛʔ 黑 (eh) | |
| œ 改 (e̤) | œŋ 換 (e̤ng) | œʔ 郁 (e̤h) | ||
| ŋ 伓 (ng) | ||||
| /-i-/ | i 衣 (i) | iu 油 (iu) | iŋ 引 (ing) | iʔ 益 (ih) |
| ia 夜 (ia) | iau 要 (a̤u) | iaŋ 鹽 (iang) | iaʔ 葉 (iah) | |
| /-u-/ | u 夫 (u) | ui 位 (ui) | uŋ 黄 (ng) | |
| ua 画 (ua) | ue 歪 (oi) | uaŋ 碗 (uang) | uaʔ 活 (uah) | |
| /-y-/ | y 余 (ṳ) | yŋ 恩 (ṳng) | yʔ 役 (ṳh) | |
| yɒ 安 (io̤ⁿ) | yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) | yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h) |
| Chinese character | 黃 (ńg) | 方 (hng) | 漲 (dn̂g) | 幫 (bng) | 光 (gng) | 兩 (nn̄g) | 毛 (mńg) |
| Putian | ŋ̍ | hŋ̍ | tuŋ | puŋ | kuŋ | nuŋ | muŋ |
| Xianyou | ŋ̍ | hŋ̍ | tŋ̍ | pŋ̍ | kŋ̍ | nŋ̍ | mŋ̍ |
| IPA | ã | ẽ | ɛ̃ | ĩ | ỹ | ɒ̃ | iã | yã | uã | aĩ | aũ | uĩ | iũ |
| Romanization | aⁿ | a̤ⁿ | e̤ⁿ | o̤ⁿ | iaⁿ | io̤ⁿ | uaⁿ | oiⁿ | a̤uⁿ | ||||
| Romanized IPA | ã | ẽ | ø̃ | ɒ̃ | iã | yɒ̃ | uã | oĩ | ɛũ |
| Chinese character | 爭 (caⁿ) | 還 (há̤ⁿ) | 段 (dē̤ⁿ) | 三 (so̤ⁿ) | 鼎 (diáⁿ) | 張 (da̤uⁿ) | 看 (kua̍ⁿ) | 飯 (bōiⁿ) | 贏 (ió̤ⁿ) |
| Xianyou | tsã | hĩ | tỹ | sɒ̃ | tiã | tiũ | kʰuã | puĩ | yɒ̃ |
| Putian | tsa | hi | tø | sɒ | tia | tiau | kʰua | puai | yɒ |
| Tone | Yin Ping 陰平 | Yin Shang 陰上 | Yin Qu 陰去 | Yin Ru 陰入 | Yang Ping 陽平 | Yang Qu 陽去 | Yang Ru 陽入 |
| Putian | ˥˧˧ (533) | ˦˥˧ (453) | ˦˨ (42) | ʔ˨˩ (ʔ2) | ˩˧ (13) | ˩ (11) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Xianyou | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ˨˦ (24) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Chinese character | 買 | 黃 | 生 | 領 | 師 | 兩 | 火 | 壁 | 著 |
| Colloquial | pe | ŋ̍ | ɬã, tsʰã | nia | ɬai | nŋ̍ | hoe | pia | tieu |
| Literary | mai | hɒŋ | ɬɛŋ | liŋ | ɬo | løŋ | hɒ | piʔ | tøʔ |
新婦房 ɬiŋ pu paŋ → ɬiŋ mu βaŋ
青草 tsʰɔŋ tsʰau → tsʰɔŋ nau
| Chinese character | 埋 (lit.) | 萬 (lit.) | 人 (lit.) | 入 | 危 (lit.) | 逆 | 內 | 諾 |
| Putian | pai | paŋ | tsiŋ | tsiʔ | kui | kiʔ | tue | tɔʔ |
| Quanzhou | bai | ban | dzin | dzip | ɡui | ɡiak | lue | lɔk |
Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) is the Romanization system for Puxian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ .
The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:
陰平 Yin Ping (unmarked)
陰上 Yin Shang ˆ (â)
陰去 Yin Qu ˈ (a̍)
陰入 Yin Ru (unmarked)
陽平 Yang Ping ́ (á)
陽去 Yang Qu - (ā)
陽入 Yang Ru ˈh (a̍h)
| IPA | Puxian Min (Xinghua) | Fuzhou |
| pʰ | p | p |
| tʰ | t | t |
| kʰ | k | k |
| p | b | b |
| t | d | d |
| k | g | g |
| tsʰ | ch | ch |
| ts | c | c |
| Tone | 陰平 Yin Ping | 陰上 Yin Shang | 陰去 Yin Qu | 陰入 Yin Ru | 陽平 Yang Ping | 陽去 Yang Qu | 陽入 Yang Ru |
| Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ | a | â | a̍ | ah | á | ā | a̍h |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī | a | á | à | ah | â | ā | a̍h |
Tai̍-che̤ ū Dō̤, Dō̤ gah Siō̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi, Dō̤ cuh sī Siō̤ng-Da̤̍. Ca̤̍ Dō̤ ta̍i-che̤ gah Sio̤ng-Da̤̍ dó̤ng-cāi. Māng-beo̍h sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē; hang pī cho̤̍, beo̍ seo̍h-ā̤uⁿ ng-sī ciā da̤u̍h I cho̤̍ ē.
太初有道，道佮上帝同在，道就是上帝。這道太初佮上帝同在。萬物是借著伊造兮，含被造兮，無一樣呣是借著伊造兮。
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (John 1:1-3 KJV)
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